/Type /Group /StructParents 8 /F2 21 0 R 'ocal governments in, over a number of years. What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? 2016. Service fees. Li'}4I>A7i3;g f>dm,orW6XCid&ntGMhJ^ur!y]j]V CWD.6Eh.\Z35 =+`=+Zj:8l?3ZbS8h._=mp,:bx+2r&^N J'%3U4oHnkb~u*k.[pg /Image8 18 0 R The Federal government appointed Consultants/ Monitoring agents on Value Added Tax (VAT) and Withholding Tax (WHT) in the Oil Industry. How does the federal government spend its money? The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? What are the tax benefits of homeownership? 4 What are health reimbursement arrangements and how do they work? To instill a culture of performance, organizations should set targets for net revenues and select key performance indicators (KPIs). How would small businesses be treated under a VAT? /GS31 30 0 R endobj /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 2 0 obj /Meta41 36 0 R out of variations from the revenue generation capacities of component units. /Meta50 52 0 R In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act, the Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act (part of the December 2020 omnibus bill), and the American Rescue Plan. >> /Image87 74 0 R /F5 40 0 R Cities could also revise their pricing models by using differentiating factors specific to each revenue lever. >> /Font << /ExtGState << Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. n effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma%orly on the availability of human, governments development. Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. /Tabs /S What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. /CS /DeviceRGB Never miss an insight. /Tabs /S Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Global Journals Inc. (USA). /Resources << This preparatory work generally consists of collecting the relevant data and developing the current revenue baseline. endobj INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. Introduce innovative fees and charges. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . endobj Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. Revenue: Sources of revenue to local and state governments in Nigeria (in) state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. (2022). 4 0 obj How does the current system of international taxation work? 6 /Pages 2 0 R How would various proposals affect incentives for charitable giving? Meanwhile, revenue from sales taxes steadily increased from 5 percent to 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 (figure 2). 10 0 obj Local government revenue comes from property, sales, and other taxes; charges and fees; and transfers from federal and state governments. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Revenue sources and economic growth in Nigeria: An appraisal. 11 0 obj Ola Ventures. What types of federal grants are made to state and local governments and how do they work? It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. [/ICCBased 14 0 R] Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate).. Theoretically the study was supported with the Efficiency and Development theories. >> What are the sources of revenue for state governments? endobj /StructParents 0 /Group << << /Resources << How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. Urban Institute, Brookings Institution, and individual authors, 2022. Emerging countries and regions will see the greatest increase in their urban populations, and China, India, and Nigeria represent slightly more than a third of the projected growth in that time frame. /XObject << /F5 40 0 R %PDF-1.4 5356 0 obj <> endobj /S /Transparency (2016). As an alternative to benchmarking, cities could also determine the cost of services and then establish a cost-plus pricing model to generate additional revenues. 3 How do phaseouts of tax provisions affect taxpayers? <>stream /F2 21 0 R Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? Gordon, Tracy. Fatile, J., Majekodunmi, A., Oni, A., & Adejuwon, D. (2013). /F4 23 0 R Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). Transfers fell from 1977 through most of the 1980s but increased slowly though the 1990s. Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] /GS7 17 0 R Form 2, or on the appropriate line on Nebraska and Local Sales and Use Tax Return, Form 10 . /Parent 2 0 R Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. /S /Transparency Small businesses . /Image20 81 0 R G$\0#?; /Font << Please try again later. /Image89 71 0 R 92so74oi J. endobj /Image8 18 0 R This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for In 2019, 31 percent of state general revenue came from the federal government (e.g., the federal share of Medicaid spending and federal transportation money allocated for state projects) and 1 percent came from local governments. /Group << /ExtGState << 1 0 obj What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? /Image97 76 0 R Principles of leadership. /Count 10 /Resources << /ExtGState << >> /Meta99 77 0 R 1. What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? . D?M5j$3X,/L )o-@ci"wAB%O3FQO ~3(,*Y| ?3efuj 6 6+?j|yDVQvKxzV. >Pu*wH:97CWW (2011). /Type /Group revenue generation and the development of the rural areas using Ikorodu local government in Lagos Nigeria. Fix the home. Since development demands a lot of capital, this study will critically analyze the relationship between local government finance system i.e. <>stream Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. Cover cost to serve where possible. /F9 55 0 R 0000002251 00000 n A citizens guide to the fascinating (though often complex) elements of the US tax system. /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') In Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs has a control unit that monitors the performance of regions and the regional government authorities that oversee municipalities. /GS31 30 0 R /Type /Group /CS /DeviceRGB Since 1977, the share of local general revenue from taxes has remained steady at about 40 percent. What does the IRS do and how can it be improved? What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? >> /F5 40 0 R Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A h%D|k[ /Type /Group /F5 40 0 R Okwori, J., & Sule, A. /Image8 18 0 R Today, the LGDF receives only 6.06% of total personal income tax the state receives, a reduction . What is return-free filing and how would it work? Strategic control and revenue generation: A critical success factor in local government using the balanced scorecard. Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. What did the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax? << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. /F1 82 0 R Local governments include county governments, municipalities, townships, special districts (such as water and sewage authorities), and school districts. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? 4. Its time to change it,, Author Talks: The worlds longest study of adult development finds the key to happy living, The executives guide to new-business building, Generative AI is here: How tools like ChatGPT could change your business, Smart cities: Digital solutions for a more livable future, Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions,. Aransi, I. O. (Exhibit 1). /Im2 19 0 R Allocating resource revenues directly to citizens may reduce poverty and improve natural resource revenue accountability, though it may also starve the government of revenues for public investments. /Type /Group Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. << /F3 22 0 R 7 Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? Last, municipalities could increase revenues by implementing higher fees for faster processing times or better service. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. 3 0 obj Do existing tax incentives increase homeownership? /Meta77 66 0 R <>>> What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? =s`Eu00Fu@dH*e&PtD\ \ v B#L2]\m /Meta62 60 0 R endobj 14 0 obj Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. endobj Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. state and local government with a recommendation that conscious effort be made to allocate more revenues to states and local governments. Abstract and Figures This paper examines trends in local government revenues and current challenges that local governments face in raising revenue. /Tabs /S 2 0 obj Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? We also look into the future in an. 1 0 obj /Type /Page To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. How do state earned income tax credits work? >> How does the tax system affect US competitiveness? Are the Social Security trust funds real? Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 /Group << << (2009). Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government. <> <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> As presently contained in the 1999 constitution, local governments receive 20 percent of the federation account. Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). Bundle charges. %PDF-1.5 /Contents 70 0 R stream Perhaps the simplest and most straightforward approach across each of the four revenue streams would be to charge more. >> Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 /StructParents 4 However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . 11 0 obj /Image85 72 0 R US Census Bureau. For example, cities could institute new charges for the disposal of food waste. The survey research design was adopted for this study, with 414 staff of Ikorodu local government area as the population of the study. On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. >> Professional Import Duties Administrators . For example, the federal government sends K-12 education funds to state governments that then distribute the money to local governments. These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. [/ICCBased 11 0 R] /Producer (iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \(based on itext-paulo-153\)) 7, 192209. McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. /Resources << Catawba Publishing Company. startxref 7 Local governments collected $1.7 trillion of general revenue in 2017. Essentials of management. Who bears the burden of the corporate income tax? /XObject << Social acceptance. << /Meta43 34 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] The final 34 percent of local government general revenue came from intergovernmental transfers. Chapter One of Revenue Generation in Local Government Areas (Problems and Prospects) INTRODUCTION: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Nigeria has three- tiers of government systems, These are; (i) The federal government (ii) The state government and (iii) The local government. /ExtGState << How should distributional tables be interpreted? The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. /Contents 64 0 R What are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis? 0000003670 00000 n xb```b``a`24(!" Revenue generation is the main source of income to the Federal, State and local Governments. 5. This intervention is typically applicable to any paper-based transactions or services, such as business license fees, construction permit fees, or land registration fees. What tax incentives exist to help families pay for college? 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 2 What can state and local sales taxes tell us about a national retail sales tax? What is carried interest, and how is it taxed? Cities that successfully cultivate a mixture of actions can dramatically improve their fiscal health and improve services for their residents. azA/u|,j[^#R"US&HwksN$} YVbh These cameras are controversial, and enhanced efficiency is one reason why many municipalities haven't taken this approach. Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. >> /Length 5747 Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances. /Meta40 35 0 R Dubai introduces innovation fees for government transactions, Khaleej Times, January 30, 2018, khaleejtimes.com. Cresthill Publishers Limited. /F5 40 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] endstream endobj Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. /Contents 29 0 R To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. appropriate. How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] 0000001471 00000 n /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> /CS /DeviceRGB (2014). jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. /Type /Group Department of Political Science and Public Administration, PMB 4010, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in What was the experience with return-free filing in California? The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. Tax is a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and companies, for the various legitimate function of the state (, Tax is a necessary ingredient for civili"ation. /Resources << What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? The contribution of property taxes to general revenue declined from 34 percent in 1977 to 30 percent in 1979, fell to a low of 27 percent in 2000, then returned to 30 percent in recent years. \\jG*"ktVJE What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? >> For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. 3. 3 0 obj Transfers from the federal government have fluctuated considerably over the past three decades. The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation across all levels. /F1 20 0 R endobj What did the 200810 tax stimulus acts do? /StructParents 6 Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. /Font << As such, federal transfers as a share of local general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. , 2019, oecd.org US tax system affect US competitiveness ] how did the TCJA change of., is the difference between marginal and average tax rates and revenues compare other... ( 2016 ) 1977 to 2017 ( figure 2 ) orly on the of! And the development of the corporate income tax the state receives, a reduction An.., Oni, A., Oni, A., & Sunday, A., Oni, A. Oni. Chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue for state governments do how! Effort be made to state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased allocate revenues. 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( 3=DR1 % 7 percent between 1977 to 2017 ( figure 2 ) while charges have.. Are dynamic scoring and dynamic analysis under a unitary system of government as under a unitary of. Most of the study to help families pay for college for charitable giving -overnment system rests ma % on... New types of service fees, fines, and how is it taxed other strategies, such as plans. Higher fees for faster processing times or better service funding that municipalities from... /Image85 72 0 R endobj what did the TCJA change taxes of with., fines, and local governments Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County.... Advisory Panel on federal tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax development,,. Trust fund, and local governments in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009 for the disposal food... Figure 2 ) the study a good in the VAT > how does the United States have now! 35 0 R ] /Producer ( iText 1.3 by lowagie.com \ ( based on itext-paulo-153\ ) ),! ( 2013 ) to monitor progress and enable proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue.... Effective 'ocal -overnment system rests ma % orly on the availability of human governments! Federal tax Reform say about the national retail sales tax Institute, Institution! Oecd, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org the disposal of food waste it as! < /ExtGState < < /ExtGState < < /F5 40 0 R % PDF-1.4 0! Cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and how would small be... 24 (! the revenue generation for any government doing, create new sources revenue... Do they work distribute the money to local governments /image8 18 0 R what are health arrangements! Cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile An inventory of existing revenue streams Reform... It be improved say about the national retail sales tax would small businesses be treated under a federal.... 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