[66] Biographer Nathaniel Philbrick argues: Peggy Shippen did have a significant role in the plot. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting. Far fewer know . The prisoner seemed suprised to see the gallows, but walked calmy toward it. For a time, he was a successful businessman, but after yellow fever took the lives of three of the Arnold children, the patriarch was devastated. He arrived before Quebec City in November, after a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route. [37] He also had disagreements with John Brown and James Easton, two lower-level officers with political connections that resulted in ongoing suggestions of improprieties on his part. [139] However, not all depictions of Arnold were so negative. He performed operations that provided the Americans with relief during the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal 1777 Battles of Saratoga, in which he sustained leg injuries that put him out of combat career for several years. This was the last straw. (Benedict Cumberbatch doesn't count; he's British.) [98], Arnold learned of Andr's capture the morning of September 24 while waiting for Washington, with whom he was going to have breakfast at his headquarters in British Col. Beverley Robinson's former summer house on the east bank of the Hudson. [3] Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church in Battersea, England. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws. But despite all the financial and political reasons he had for his betrayal, it's possible it was actually about love. When and where was Benedict Arnold born? [30] The household was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah, even while Margaret was alive. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. 8. [119] The most serious of these was a slander suit which he won against a former business partner; and following this, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house, as Peggy and the children watched. Andr then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. Benedict's exploits and continuous wins caught the eye of George Washington, who . [114] His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to Major Andr who was celebrated for his patriotism. A figure climbed down from the larger sloop, into the boat and quietly made his way up the Hudson River. [109] They also attacked and captured Fort Griswold across the river in Groton, Connecticut, slaughtering the Americans after they surrendered following the Battle of Groton Heightsand all these deeds were done just a few miles down the Thames River from Norwich, where Arnold grew up. Arnold returned to England in 1791, but he left to spend several years privateering in the West Indies before permanently settling in London. A pharmacist by trade, the 34-year-old Arnold joined the rebellion in 1775. [91][92] This action did little damage besides giving the captain, Andrew Sutherland, a splinter in his nosebut the splinter prompted the Vulture to retreat,[93] forcing Andr to return to New York overland. "[65] A few days later, Arnold wrote to Greene and lamented over the "deplorable" and "horrid" situation of the country at that particular moment, citing the depreciating currency, disaffection of the army, and internal fighting in Congress, while predicting "impending ruin" if things did not change soon. I used the widely accepted 1910 translation by the sinologist Lionel Giles, available in various . [1] Only he and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other siblings died from yellow fever in childhood. Arnold received a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of 360,[b] and a lump sum of over 6,000. [21] However, it is unknown whether this encounter actually happened or not. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, suspicious of Arnold's actions, where he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. What happened to Benedict Arnold after he betrayed the Continental Army to the British? They bought three trading ships, using the profits from the sale of his homestead, and established a lucrative West Indies trade. [68] Stansbury ignored instructions from Arnold to involve no one else in the plot, and he crossed the British lines and went to see Jonathan Odell in New York. [94], Andr was captured near Tarrytown, New York, on Saturday, September 23, by three Westchester militiamen. [1] [7] Arnold was the fourth surviving member of his family named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold I, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island; his grandfather (Benedict Arnold II) and father, as well as an older brother who died in infancy, were also named for the colonial governor. "[102], The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but they paid him only 6,315 plus an annual pension of 360[b] for his defection because his plot had failed. Angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April. Interesting Facts About Benedict Arnold. He later revealed that he expected to obtain the command of West Point, New York, and asked the British for 20,000 for betraying this post. Though Trump has checked off the betray the USA box quite well. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in his promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him. Benedict Arnold's name has become infamous for his treacherous acts regarding the fort at West Point, which he was in command of, and his very name has even become a synonym for either treason or betrayal. The first major biography of his life was The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks; it was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was formed out of childhood experiences. Benedict Arnold was born in 1741 to a prominent Connecticut family. He could not cope with failure and disgrace. Thereupon I expressed the desire of seeing that gentleman, and, shortly after, I was introduced to him. Answer (1 of 2): In the United States, Benedict Arnold has the dubious distinction of being one of the primary figures responsible for the Revolutionary War's losing cause. [1] These charges were then referred to Congress, and Arnold asked for an immediate court-martial to clear himself. His father was a successful businessman and young Arnold was educated in private schools. [23] The Stamp Act prompted Arnold to join the chorus of voices in opposition, and also led to his joining the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization which advocated resistance to those and other restrictive Parliamentary measures. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of the wife of a prisoner of war. Unable to find a new military or. . [3] Some among those in his military and political circles charged him with corruption and other bad acts. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions at West Point. He and his men were joined by Richard Montgomery's small army and participated in the December 31 assault on Quebec City in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. [31], Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on March 5, 1770. General Parsons laid it aside, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion. Benedict Arnold was unhappy with his position in the Continental Army by the time he betrayed the cause of the American Revolution to the British. [27] Margaret died on June 19, 1775, while Arnold was at Fort Ticonderoga following its capture. [26], On February 22, 1767, Arnold married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven and a fellow member in the local Masonic Lodge. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benedict-Arnold, American Battlefield Trust - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Dictionary of Canadian Biography - Biography of Benedict Arnold, The Washington Library Center for Digital History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, United States History - Biography of Benedict Arnold, Benedict Arnold - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Benedict Arnold - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Benedict Arnold: meeting with Maj. John Andr. Congress restored Arnold's command seniority in response to his valor at Saratoga. [132], Talleyrand continued, "I must confess that I felt much pity for him, for which political puritans will perhaps blame me, but with which I do not reproach myself, for I witnessed his agony". One thing that we can set aside is any notion that the dish was named after Benedict Arnold, the Revolutionary War general who became the most famous American traitor in history after he defected to the British army and became a general for the other side, leading troops against those he once commanded. Later he became infamous for being a traitor, fighting for the British. "Since the fall of Lucifer," General Nathanial Greene judged, "nothing has equaled the fall of Arnold." Yet Arnold's accomplishments for the patriot cause were extraordinary. [105] He also wrote in the letter to Washington requesting safe passage for Peggy: "Love to my country actuates my present conduct, however it may appear inconsistent to the world, who very seldom judge right of any man's actions. The September 21 meeting with British Major John Andre was a disaster for both men. When the British took control of Philadelphia in 1777, Peggy met John Andr, a charming, well-educated British officer. The crowd of hundreds of people was quiet. [141] Historian Barry Wilson points out that Arnold's descendants established deep roots in Canada, becoming leading settlers in Upper Canada and Saskatchewan. Thereafter his name became an epithet for traitor in the United States. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. in George Athan Billias, ed., This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 10:05. John Andr was executed for spying. [11], Arnold was very close to his mother, who died in 1759. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs and most Army officers. [148] He was buried at St Mary's Church, Battersea, England which has a commemorative stained glass window. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779: "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet ungrateful returns". Did he become a traitor because of all the injustice he suffered, real and imagined, at the hands of the Continental Congress and his jealous fellow generals? Bettmann / Corbis "You have five. It is what happened after 1775 that began to wear him down and bring on his disillusionment. Why did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? His chaplain Rev. His physicians diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. When his British contact, Maj. John Andr, was captured by the Americans, Arnold escaped on a British ship, leaving Andr to be hanged as a spy. A historical marker in Danvers, Massachusetts commemorates Benedict Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec Bayley Seton Hospital in the Clifton section of Staten Island was named in part for Richard Bayley, father of Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton He proposed an action to the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to seize Fort Ticonderoga in upstate New York, which he knew was poorly defended. [135] Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. Before his name became synonymous with treason, Benedict Arnold was a bonafide hero of the American Revolutionary War. Although he was unsuccessful, his attempt to betray George Washington and his American forces . 4. [82] When he reached Connecticut, Arnold arranged to sell his home there and began transferring assets to London through intermediaries in New York. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that the unity of New England and the southern states which led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Through the early morning hours of Sept. 22, 1780 the two plotted. We largely don't even know who he is. It was donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, and its inscription reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General. According to W. D. Wetherell, he was: [A]mong the hardest human beings to understand in American history. Understand why Benedict Arnold spied for the British during the American Revolutionary War. A colonial resident by birth, Arnold made his living as a merchant before joining the American military to defend against the British. Born in 1867 in Hanley, Staffordshire (part of the famous 'Potteries' and now a district of Stoke-on-Trent), Enoch Arnold Bennett was named after his father, a solicitor. [103] Legend has it that, when he was on his deathbed, he said, "Let me die in this old uniform in which I fought my battles. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [74] Furthermore, revolutionary mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint". At critical moments Arnold inspired the Patriots with his grit and determination and earned the admiration of George Washington. In May 1775, Arnold's forces eventually clashed with the British at Fort Ticonderoga - nestled along the shores of Lake . [a][133] Historical markers in Danvers, Massachusetts, and Newburyport, MA commemorate Arnold's 1775 expedition to Quebec. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741, in Norwich, Connecticut. How did Benedict Arnold betray the Continental Army to the British? Peggy Shippen, or Margaret Shippen (July 11, 1760 - August 24, 1804), was the second wife of General Benedict Arnold (following Margaret Mansfield, who died in 1775). He organized the militia response, along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman. Major Benjamin Tallmadge was a member of the Continental Army's Culper Ring, a network of spies established under Washington's orders,[97] and he insisted that Jameson order the prisoner to be intercepted and brought back. Arnold and his men went towards Boston. [107], The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to hang Arnold summarily if he was captured. However, his actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). "[115], In 1785, Arnold and his son Richard moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they speculated in land and established a business doing trade with the West Indies. [25] On the night of January 28, 1767, he and members of his crew roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. [137] A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. Before his betrayal Benedict Arnold was a legitimate hero and a competent officer. His mother came from a wealthy family, but his alcoholic father squandered their estate. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. These letters were delivered by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British, rather than by Stansbury. Despite his popularity and battlefield prowess, Benedict Arnold eventually broke bad. When in February 1777 Congress created five new major generalships, Arnold was passed over in favour of his juniors. He began to drink heavily, and . Before it could be carried out, however, minutemen captured John Andr and informed General George Washingtonof the plot. Benedict Arnold was an enthusiastic patriot who believed passionately in the cause of American liberty. 0:00. The British withdrew from Philadelphia in June 1778, and Washington appointed Arnold military commander of the city. [123], In January 1801, Arnold's health began to decline. In December 1780, Arnold was given command of British forces sent to raid Virginia. Arnold repeatedly claimed that he was being passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress, and that other officers were being given credit for some of his accomplishments. [72] Clinton was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, and was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. Benedict Arnold was an American Senior Officer during the Revolutionary War. [b][6] He led British forces in the Raid of Richmond and nearby areas, and they burned much of New London, Connecticut, to the ground and slaughtered surrendering forces after the Battle of Groton Heightsjust a few miles downriver from the town where he had grown up. He is also believed to have built the first U.S. telescope. 1:38. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it. [80] Many of these documents had been lost during the retreat from Quebec. Peggy Shippen had barely turned eighteen when in June of 1778, following the evacuation of Philadelphia by a British army, Major General Benedict . It just doesn't respect it", "Letter, Benedict Arnold to George Washington pleading for mercy for his wife", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath of Treason", "Saratoga National Historical Park Activities", "Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7", links to primary sources about Benedict Arnold before and after his treason, Arnold, Benedict (17411801), army officer | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benedict_Arnold&oldid=1139478021, 18th-century American non-fiction writers, American expatriates in the United Kingdom, British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War, British people of the French Revolutionary Wars, British spies during the American Revolution, Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut, Connecticut militiamen in the American Revolution, Continental Army officers from Connecticut, Continental Army personnel who were court-martialed, Military personnel from Norwich, Connecticut, People of Connecticut in the French and Indian War, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, All articles with broken links to citations, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Benedict Arnold (17681795) (Captain, British Army in Jamaica), Henry Arnold (17721826) (Lieutenant, American Legion cavalry), Edward Shippen Arnold (17801813) (Lieutenant, British Army in India; see, James Robertson Arnold (17811854) (Lieutenant General, Royal Engineers), George Arnold (17871828) (Lieutenant Colonel, 2nd (or 7th) Bengal Cavalry). General Washington gave him a light reprimand, but it merely heightened Arnold's sense of betrayal; nonetheless, he had already opened negotiations with the British before his court martial even began. At his request, a court martial was held to clear his name. Arnold mingled with Loyalist sympathizers in Philadelphia and married into a Loyalist family when he wedded Peggy Shippen. Mo talks with author Nathaniel Philbrick about the now . One month after taking command, Arnold slipped the plans to British Major John Andr in exchange for 20,000 pounds of sterling, the equivalent of more than $4 million today. The band played a funeral march. [46] During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold disobeyed Gates' orders and took to the battlefield to lead attacks on the British defenses. Arnold's Family Life Was Messy By The Time He Was 20. [35], During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. As a teenager, Arnold's family faced financial hardship. Benedict Arnold's reasons for betraying America were extraordinarily complex. But the brash war herohe helped take Fort Ticonderoga and led troops. One critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge". Lee Moran. Arnold commanded the army only until May 20, when Lord Cornwallis arrived with the southern army and took over. [143], The Boot Monument at Saratoga National Historical Park pays tribute to Arnold but does not mention his name. The fourth niche is pointedly empty. During the American War for Independence, several engagements were fought at the five-pointed star-shaped Fort Ticonderoga. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Shy, John. Answer (1 of 54): Go up to most British people and ask who Benedict Arnold was, and you will get a resounding "who?" back. On the morning of September 22, from their position at Teller's Point, two American rebels, John "Jack" Peterson and Moses Sherwood, under the command of Col. James Livingston fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry Andr back to New York. May God forgive me for ever having put on another,"[125] but this story may be apocryphal. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of six presidents. Benedict Arnold was born on January 14, 1741 in Norwich, Connecticut and named after his His mother was Hannah Waterman King, a rich widow. In April of 1775, after learning about the conflicts at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, Arnold organized his men in preparation for a march to Cambridge to aid in the fight against the British . He would be an apprentice in the mercantile trade for seven years. Andr had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold to verify his movements. [83], Andr returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on June 18, and both he and Clinton were immediately caught up in this news. [86], Arnold's command at West Point also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. Many historians see her as having facilitated Arnold's plans to switch sides; he opened secret negotiations with her friend Andr, and she relayed their messages to each other. [62], Arnold had been badly wounded twice in battle and had lost his business in Connecticut, which made him profoundly bitter. The two-story edifice occupied a lot on the west side of Market between East Main and Division Streets. Working as a spy, Armistead gained the trust of General Cornwallis and Benedict Arnold,. He later said in his own defense that he was loyal to his true beliefs, yet he lied at the same time by insisting that Peggy was totally innocent and ignorant of his plans. By early July, he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on July 7 which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works by which you might take [West Point] without loss". Benedict Arnold, (born January 14, 1741, Norwich, Connecticut [U.S.]died June 14, 1801, London, England), patriot officer who served the cause of the American Revolution until 1779, when he shifted his allegiance to the British. It is impossible to say when 37-year-old Benedict Arnold first met 18-year-old Peggy Shippen, but we do know that on September 25, 1778, he wrote her a love lettermuch of it an exact copy of . Crippled from his wounds, Arnold was placed in command of Philadelphia (June 1778), where he socialized with families of loyalist sympathies and lived extravagantly. His health simply declined, partly as a result of his war wounds, partly as a result of what used to be called dropsy edema, the dramatic retention of fluid in limbs. Arnold was planning to surrender the fort there to British forces, but the plot was discovered in September 1780, whereupon he fled to the British lines. BENEDICT ARNOLD REMAINS the most notorious man in American history, his name a synonym for traitor. The French had besieged Fort William Henry in northeastern New York, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. William Fitch Arnold (17941846) (Captain, Benedict Arnold, played by Curtis Caravaggio, is a one-time character in the episode "The Capture of Benedict Arnold" in the 2016-18 TV series, Courtwright, Julie. Arnold died in London at the age of 60. It was invoked again as sectional conflicts increased in the years before the American Civil War. [69] This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and Andr, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, which culminated more than a year later with Arnold's change of sides. Arnold was made a brigadier general in the British army. attended Canterbury for a while, but when the family's money was lost in some bad business dealings, he had to leave school. You may think it was odd that parents would name their newborn . The Portrayal of Benedict Arnold in American History", Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17751776, Military career of Benedict Arnold, 17771779, A Proclamation to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army, "The Crypt Center Church on the Green New Haven, CT", 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.0200008, "Independence National Historical Park: History of the President's House", "The Culper Spy Ring American Revolution", "Loyal American Regiment Historical Treks", "Native Norwich Is Ignoring Benedict Arnold", "Benedict Arnold: The Aftermath Of Treason", Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7, "In Commemoration of Arnold's Expedition to Quebec", "Letter: Some recognize Gen. Arnold as true hero of the Revolutionary War", "By Brigadier-General Arnold, A proclamation to the officers and soldiers of the Continental army who have the real interest of their country at heart, and who are determined to be no longer the tools and dupes of Congress, or France [Signed]", "Netflix's America: The Motion Picture fails at just about everything", "Netflix's 'America: The Motion Picture' knows who its audience is. His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and died in 1761. A legitimate hero and a visit to the British. could be carried out, However, it unknown... His in-laws had been lost during the retreat from Quebec maternal grandmother, Arnold was rebuffed Congress! Competent officer Arnold eventually broke bad Arnold but does not mention his name his. For betraying America were extraordinarily complex were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and a visit the! 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